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Amsellem PM Seim HB MacPhail CM Bright RM Twedt DC Wrigley RH Monnet E 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,229(9):1451-1457
OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with long-term survival after biliary surgery in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 34 dogs that underwent biliary surgery. PROCEDURES: Data extracted from medical records included sex, breed, body weight, age at surgery, history and clinical examination findings, preoperative and postoperative CBC, serum biochemical panel and coagulation profiles results, abdominal ultrasonographic findings, results of bacteriologic culture and histologic examination, surgical findings, postoperative complications, and survival time. Follow-up information was obtained from medical records or phone conversations with owners and referring veterinarians. RESULTS: Primary biliary findings included gallbladder mucocele (n = 20 dogs), inflammatory diseases (4), trauma (3), and neoplasia (1). Secondary biliary diseases included pancreatitis (n = 4), pancreatic neoplasia (1), and duodenal perforation (1). One- and 2-year survival rates were both 66%. Increasing age; gamma-glutamyltransferase activity; preanesthetic heart rate; BUN, phosphorus, and bilirubin concentrations; and the use of biliary diversion procedures were risk factors for death, although pancreatitis was not. However, poor long-term survival was associated with pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Long-term prognosis was guarded after biliary surgery in dogs. However, dogs that survived the early postoperative period had good long-term prognosis. Dogs with pancreatitis had poor prognosis. Overall, the prognosis was worse for dogs that underwent a biliary diversion, compared with dogs that did not. 相似文献
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Jeremy J. Verdouw Catriona K. Macleod Barbara F. Nowak Jeremy M. Lyle 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,214(1-4):297-306
This study investigated the effects of age and length on mercury contamination in four fish species; yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri), black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri), sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) and sea-run brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the Derwent Estuary, Tasmania, Australia, and examined the implications of these findings for public health monitoring. Mean mercury levels exceeded the Food Standards Australia and New Zealand maximum permitted level (0.5?mg?kg?1) for all species except yellow-eye mullet. Mean levels in black bream were significantly higher (p?<?0.05) than other species and consequently are a particular concern for human health. Regional differences (p?<?0.05) in mercury levels in sand flathead were not obviously correlated with metal levels in the sediments. However, age and length significantly (p?<?0.05) influenced mercury levels in brown trout and sand flathead, with age being more strongly related to intraspecies differences. In addition, movement and distribution within the estuary and trophic status appeared to be important factors in contribution to interspecific variation. Consequently, a sound understanding of fish life history and biology is important in identifying species which may be susceptible to accumulating mercury and hence pose a potential threat to human health. 相似文献
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Evaluation of splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio as an index of portal vein pressure in dogs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio during experimentally induced portal hypertension in dogs. ANIMALS: 6 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: Standard midline laparotomy and median sternotomy were performed in anesthetized dogs. Baseline measurements of arterial blood pressure, aortic blood flow, portal vein blood flow, and portal vein pressure were acquired, and arterial, venous, and portal vein blood samples were obtained to determine systemic and splanchnic oxygen extraction ratios. The portal vein was gradually occluded until a pressure of 18 cm of H2O was reached; this pressure was maintained for 30 minutes, and measurements and collection of blood samples were repeated. RESULTS: Portal vein blood flow decreased significantly from 457 +/- 136 ml/min before to 266 +/- 83 ml/min after induction of portal hypertension. Oxygen content in the portal vein significantly decreased from 12.3 +/- 1.85 to 8.2 +/- 2.31%, and splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio significantly increased from 15.8 +/- 6.2 to 37.4 +/- 10.9% during portal hypertension. There was a significant inverse correlation between portal vein blood flow and splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio at baseline and during portal hypertension. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An increase in splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio is evident with partial attenuation of the portal vein and the concurrent decrease in portal vein blood flow. Correlation of oxygen extraction ratio with portal vein blood flow may be a more important indicator for determination of an endpoint to prevent congestion and ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas during ligation of portosystemic shunts. 相似文献
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Catriona K Macleod Susan E Forbes Colin J Shepherd & Christine Crawford 《Aquaculture Research》2009,40(7):772-780
A Tasmanian tidalflat receiving differing amounts of vehicle traffic associated with the servicing of oyster farm leases was sampled for sediment properties and benthic community structure. There was a gradient of vehicle usage in both the littoral zone (LZ) and the intertidal zone (IZ), with the highest usage in the intertidal zone equating to the lowest usage in the littoral zone (IZ2=LZ1). Results indicate that the littoral sediments were less compacted where vehicles were present. Species richness and diversity were reduced in the littoral sites (70%) and one intertidal site (50%) where there was vehicle traffic. Multivariate analyses confirmed the univariate findings. Large bivalves and epibenthic snails were generally less abundant where there was vehicle traffic. However, in the intertidal zone one snail showed the opposite pattern. There was less change in the community structure at sites where vehicles spread out across the foreshore than at sites where all vehicles travelled in a narrow lane, but this reduction in impact was offset by a greater area being affected. This study provides preliminary evidence of a measurable impact on sediment and community composition at 16 vehicle trips per day and suggests that management needs to consider the tradeoff between magnitude of impact and area affected. 相似文献
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Catriona A. Macdonald Xueyun Yang Ian M. Clark Penny R. Hirsch 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(9):1408-1417
In a study to assess the sustainable use of sewage sludge application to land, the long-term effect of Zn and Cu contaminated sludge additions on the structure of the bacterial communities (using T-RFLP analysis) and their tolerance to additional metal exposure through pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) assays was assessed. This used two soils that received metal-rich sludge cake (SC), liquid sludge (LS) or metal salts (MS) additions more than 10 years previously. Soil type had the predominant influence on bacterial community structure and PICT. The source of the metal contamination also had a large influence on community structure and PICT, greater than the effects due to metal concentrations. Nevertheless, in both Zn and Cu contaminated soils, PICT was observed and decreased in the order MS > LS > SC. Within a metal source and site, there was evidence of increased PICT with increasing Zn or Cu contamination, however few differences were significant as a result of high variability between sample replicates. These results highlight the importance of considering soil physico-chemical properties and the source of metal contamination as well as total metal concentrations when considering the long-term effects of metals on soil microbial communities. Further, the matrix that a metal is associated with prior to addition may play an important factor in determining levels of toxicity. This could have consequences for the interpretation and use of data from metal spiking experiments when considering metal limits for sludge application to land. 相似文献
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Catriona A. Macdonald Ian M. Clark Penny R. Hirsch Steve P. McGrath 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(5):932-941
Long-term impacts of metal contamination derived from sewage sludge on soil microbial communities have been widely evaluated, but confounding effects have made it difficult to draw firm conclusions and thus to advise on safe metal limits. Here we used Multiplex-terminal restriction length fragment polymorphism (M-TRFLP) to assess the long-term impact of sludge-borne Zn and Cu contamination on the structure of bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities across seven different soils at metal levels relevant to current guideline limits. Despite strong effects of site on microbial community structure, analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) demonstrated a small but significant effect of Zn on bacteria (P < 0.001), archaea (P < 0.001), and fungi (P < 0.001). Significant effects of Cu on bacteria (P < 0.001), archaea (P < 0.001) and fungi (P < 0.001) were also observed. Several bacterial and fungal T-RFs were identified as responding to Zn or Cu. For example the bacterial T-RF 72 was negatively correlated with Zn and Cu, and T-RF 259 was positively correlated with Zn. Attempts to identify these bacterial markers of Zn and Cu contamination suggest a negative impact of Cu on Acidobacteria in arable soils. These results demonstrate for the first time, that despite a strong influence of site on microbial community structure, effects of Zn and Cu derived from sewage sludge can be detected as shifts in bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities indicating a common response more than 11 years after sludge addition. 相似文献
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MacPhail C 《Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice》2002,17(4):178-183
For cats that present with signs of gastrointestinal disease, obstruction is a primary differential. There are numerous reasons of gastrointestinal obstruction in small animals, yet there are several specific causes that are more commonly associated with the cat. These include linear foreign bodies, trichobezoars, focal intestinal neoplasia, feline infectious peritonitis, and megacolon. Clinical signs related to gastrointestinal obstruction consist of vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, tenesmus, anorexia, or weight loss. The course and onset of disease depends on the rate at which the obstruction develops and whether the obstruction is partial and complete. The diagnosis of obstruction is typically suspected based on clinical presentation and palpation of an abdominal mass. Diagnostics tools are used for definite diagnosis and determination of location within the gastrointestinal tract. Surgical treatment is dependent on the etiology of the obstruction and various techniques are employed to remove the obstruction and prevent recurrence. 相似文献
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Catriona M MacPhail 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2007,37(5):975-88, vii
Pyothorax is the accumulation of septic suppurative inflammation within the pleural cavity. The cause and source of infection in dogs and cats often are unknown. Management of these cases can be challenging, because controversy exists over the best method for treatment. Reported outcomes and recurrence rates vary widely. 相似文献